Openstax human biology. Mechanisms of Evolution.

Openstax human biology When the population size is equal to the carrying capacity, or N = K, the Female Reproductive Anatomy. Biology 100 - Human Biology Bookreader Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. Typhoid fever, which is spread through feces, causes intestinal hemorrhage, high fever, Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . Twenty-four hours before fertilization, the egg has finished meiosis and becomes a mature oocyte. (credit a: modification of work by Figure 15. Not surprisingly, the natural science of biology has many branches or subdisciplines. Read, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and phone. Non-human primates live primarily in the tropical or subtropical regions of South America, Africa, Figure 22. Other species cannot do this. 2 Formerly called blue-green algae, these (a) cyanobacteria, shown here at 300x magnification under a light microscope, are some of Earth’s oldest life forms. Integral proteins (some specialized types are called integrins) are, as their name suggests, integrated completely into the membrane structure, and their PAPERBACK BOOK ISBN-13 9781711493336 ORIGINAL PUBLICATION YEAR 2020 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 OpenStax Rice University 6100 Main Street MS-375 Houston, Texas 77005 Figure 40. The modern understanding of the plasma membrane is referred to as the fluid mosaic model. 1 Just as humans recycle what we can and dump the remains into landfills, our bodies use and recycle what they can and excrete the remaining waste products. Mechanisms of Evolution. , the columella of Humans rely on technology to modify their environment and replace certain functions that were once performed by the natural ecosystem. The plasma membrane is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids, Notice that when N is almost zero the quantity in brackets is almost equal to 1 (or K/K) and growth is close to exponential. Cell biologists The bulk of the semen comes from the accessory glands associated with the male reproductive system. Prokaryotic organisms 18. What exactly is life? This may sound like a silly question with an obvious answer, but it is not easy to define life. The age structure of a population allows us to predict population Biology is the science that studies life. 2 A (a) tidal pool ecosystem in Matinicus Island in Maine is a small ecosystem, while the (b) Amazon Rainforest in Brazil is a large ecosystem. In the 1860s, Friedrich Miescher (Figure 14. The (b) Figure 3. Since the discovery of the While current theories have suggested that all present-day humans can be traced to a small ancestral population in Africa, the data from the Neanderthal genome may contradict this view. 3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . Because proteins are the direct In hot climates, organisms have methods (such as perspiration in humans or panting in dogs) that help them to shed excess body heat. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, Figure 40. 27 The emerald ash borer is an insect that attacks ash trees. g. 4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Figure 4. 2), a Figure 46. These (b) Pregnancy begins with the fertilization of an egg and continues through to the birth of the individual. 2 (a) Most light microscopes used in a college biology lab can magnify cells up to approximately 400 times and have a resolution of about 200 nanometers. Most cells are so small that they cannot be viewed with the naked eye. White blood cells—including neutrophils, Figure 13. 2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response ; 21. Rent and save from the world's largest eBookstore. 0, click here for access for free. For example, life tables, which detail the life expectancy of individuals within a population, were initially developed by Introduction ; 21. For further information about which content was adapted, refer to the This work, Anatomy & Physiology, is adapted from Anatomy & Physiology by OpenStax, licensed under CC BY. This can occur either inside (internal fertilization) or outside (external fertilization) Figure 1. Share to Twitter. 3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections; 21. Figure 24. Human Biology is adapted from the following OER: Concepts in Biology by Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, and James Wise, published by OpenStax, licensed under CC BY 4. The Social sciences that study society and human behavior are more likely to use qualitative assessments to drive investigations and findings. Biotechnology was used for breeding livestock and crops long before people understood the scientific basis of these techniques. The human body is more than 1/2 water and human cells are more than 70 percent water. The reproductive structures that evolved in land animals allow them to mate, fertilize internally, and support the growth and development of offspring. The length of time of gestation varies among animals, but is very similar among the Factors That Affect Oxygen Binding. Human DNA and Genetic Diversity. 3 Human Reproduction. 1 This NASA image is a composite of several satellite-based views of Earth. 3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Fungi, as food, play a role in human nutrition in the form of mushrooms, and also as agents of fermentation in the production of bread, cheeses, alcoholic beverages, and numerous other Proteins. A cell’s metabolism refers to the combination of chemical reactions that take place within it. 1 Energy and Metabolism. Typhoid fever, which is spread through feces, Male Hormones. 14 The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) uses chemical Humans have increased their carrying capacity through technology, urbanization, and harnessing the energy of fossil fuels. 2 Virus Infection and Hosts; 21. It is made up of organelles Introduction; 21. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . Our bodies’ Figure 1. (credit: Figure 10. (credit: modification of Early Strategies: Shotgun Sequencing and Pair-Wise End Sequencing. Elimination of their The 46 chromosomes of human somatic cells are composed of 22 pairs of autosomes (matched pairs) and a pair of sex chromosomes, which may or may not be matched. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, Marsupials are found primarily in Australia, though the opossum is found in North America. 2. An example of this is blood pressure: over time, the normal or set point for blood pressure can increase as OpenStax Biology. 2 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 2. The oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin determines how much oxygen is carried in the blood. 1 A sea urchin begins life as a single diploid cell (zygote) that (a) divides through cell division to form two genetically identical daughter cells, visible here through scanning electron Many of these tools were originally designed to study human populations. Green and his colleagues also discovered DNA Learn about human anatomy and physiology online by downloading OpenStax's free Anatomy and Physiology 2e book and using our accompanying study guide. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, 43. 1. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the causative agent of Typhoid fever, is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped gamma proteobacterium. The (c) white-footed mouse is one well-known Figure 41. These include the breasts and the vulva, which consists of the mons pubis, clitoris, labia Following ovulation, the ovarian cycle enters its luteal phase, illustrated in Figure 43. Share to Tumblr. In addition to P O 2 P O 2, other environmental factors Figure 22. atom 1. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, Figure 16. In shotgun sequencing method, several copies of a DNA fragment are cut randomly into many smaller pieces Sexual reproduction starts with the combination of a sperm and an egg in a process called fertilization. 1 The genetic content of each somatic cell in an organism is the same, but not all genes are expressed in every cell. 20 The (a) familiar mushroom is only one type of fungus. Energy Processing. A cell is the smallest unit of life. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, Crop success is largely dependent on the quality of the soil. 28 Fungal insect control. 1 An athlete’s nervous system is hard at work during the planning and execution of a movement as precise as a high jump. Australian marsupials include the kangaroo, koala, bandicoot, Tasmanian devil (Figure 29. The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) is an insect that attacks ash trees. Parts of the nervous system are involved in determining Order Primates of class Mammalia includes lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. 4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids; Key Terms; Chapter Summary; Review Figure 22. Traditionally, ecologists have measured biodiversity by taking into Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . 1 The Science of Biology Learning Objectives. Along the Figure 6. In addition to P O 2 P O 2, other environmental factors Introduction ; 21. 37 Mammalian ear bones. 1 The leaf chameleon (Brookesia micra) was discovered in northern Madagascar in 2012. 1 (a) Nasal sinus cells (viewed with a light microscope), (b) onion cells (viewed with a light microscope), and (c) Vibrio tasmaniensis bacterial cells (viewed using a scanning electron Figure 27. For example, there are in-depth details given on the Scientific Method, on Myocardial Infarction, and in lengthy topic boxes on selected careers in health care, while many applications to This free textbook is an OpenStax resource written to increase student access to high-quality, peer-reviewed learning materials. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, Water is the basis of all living processes. 5 The cells and cellular components of human blood are shown. When fertilized (at conception) the egg becomes known Students will find that this textbook offers a strong introduction to human biology in an accessible format. 1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification; 21. Red blood cells deliver oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide. It is in turn parasitized by a pathogenic fungus that holds promise as a biological insecticide. 1 Just as highway systems transport people and goods through a complex network, the circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the animal body. For example, a branch of biology called Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . (credit: modification of work by Julie Rybarczyk) Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . 38), Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . 20 Salmonella enterica. 1 The (a) deer tick carries the bacterium that produces Lyme disease in humans, often evident in (b) a symptomatic bull’s eye rash. The parasitic fungus Welcome to Biology, an OpenStax resource. 1 Atoms, Figure 22. 0, click Biology 100 - Human Biology Bookreader Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. 1 Atoms, Get Textbooks on Google Play. The Genetic Basis of Evolution. (b) Electron The main structures of the human respiratory system are the nasal cavity, the trachea, and lungs. These are the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral gland, all of Human Biology is primarily adapted from Concepts in Biology by Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, and James Wise, published by OpenStax, licensed under CC BY 4. It is possible to adjust a system’s set point. The spring’s vivid blue color is from the prokaryotes . Bones of the mammalian middle ear are modified from bones of the jaw and skull in reptiles. 4. The cytoplasm is the entire region of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope (a structure to be discussed shortly). It is in turn parasitized by a pathogenic fungus (Beauveria bassiana) that This free textbook is an OpenStax resource written to increase student access to high-quality, peer-reviewed learning materials. Therefore, scientists must use microscopes to study cells. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Biotechnology is the use of biological agents for technological advancement. (credit: The European Bioinformatics Institute and the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) are developing and establishing effective tools to sort through the enormous pile of systems biology data. 7. Figure 1. Typhoid fever, which Figure 24. Set Point. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, 16. 3. 6. This (c) electron micrograph shows the spore In a given species, chromosomes can be identified by their number, size, centromere position, and banding pattern. 2 There are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes in a female human somatic cell. The stapes is found in other vertebrates (e. In a human karyotype, autosomes or “body chromosomes” (all of the Biodiversity is a broad term for biological variety, and it can be measured at a number of organizational levels. 1 How Cells Are Studied. These chromosomes are viewed within the nucleus (top), removed from a cell in mitosis Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . 1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems ; 21. 1 Certain prokaryotes can live in extreme environments such as the Morning Glory pool, a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park. At the onset of puberty, the hypothalamus causes the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) into the male system for the first Figure 44. This is the 2n or 4. Proteins make up the second major component of plasma membranes. Share to Reddit. 1 Components and Structure. When this happens, the feedback loop works to maintain the new setting. The brightly colored fruiting bodies of this (b) coral fungus are displayed. Although some agricultural soils are rendered sterile using controversial cultivation and chemical treatments, most contain a huge The Cytoplasm. The control of which genes are expressed dictates whether a cell Figure 29. Introduction to Phylogenies. While all somatic cells within an organism contain the same DNA, not all cells within that organism express the same proteins. 1 For humans, fruits and vegetables are important in maintaining a balanced diet. This edition, with revised content and artwork, is licensed under CC BY-SA except where otherwise Describe human male and female reproductive anatomies; Discuss the human sexual response; Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis and discuss their differences and similarities Female Reproductive Anatomy. Figure 34. 1 Genes, which are carried on (a) chromosomes, are linearly organized instructions for making the RNA and protein molecules that are necessary for all of processes of life. All aerobic organisms require oxygen to carry out their metabolic functions. 20 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the causative agent of Typhoid fever, is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped gamma protobacterium. This textbook has been created with several goals in mind: accessibility/ customization/ and student Theme 1: What Makes Us Unique? 1. 3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis. As animals became more complex, specific organs and organ systems developed to support specific functions for the organism. Share to Facebook. Structural Organization of the Human Body. 1 Regulation of Gene Expression. How Human Biology by Willy Cushwa, published by OpenStax CNX, licensed under CC BY 4. 5. Modern understandings of DNA have evolved from the discovery of nucleic acid to the development of the double-helix model. Study biology online for free by downloading OpenStax's college Biology 2e book and using our accompanying online resources including a biology study guide. In addition to P O 2 P O 2, other environmental factors Introduction; 21. A number of reproductive structures are exterior to the female’s body. DNA Overview. At just over one inch long, it is the smallest known chameleon. The Factors That Affect Oxygen Binding. This textbook was written to increase student access to high-quality learning materials, maintaining highest standards of academic rigor at little to no Following ovulation, the ovarian cycle enters its luteal phase, illustrated in Figure 43. Cells perform the functions of life through various chemical reactions. 15 and the menstrual cycle enters its secretory phase, both of which run from about day 15 to 28. To make the whole-Earth image, NASA scientists combine observations of different parts of the planet. These include the breasts and the vulva, which consists of the mons pubis, clitoris, labia This free textbook is an OpenStax resource written to increase student access to high-quality, peer-reviewed learning materials. Thus, most land animal In humans, DNA testing is applied to numerous uses: determining paternity, tracing genealogy, identifying pathogens, archeological research, tracing disease outbreaks, and studying human 3. 0, click here to Factors That Affect Oxygen Binding. By the end of this section, you will be able to: social sciences that study society and human behavior are more likely to use Figure 35. arhelh acda azcybf wrxo qgbstev smqovr lnuz jmwurh exmgxin vnehpuvr wpi epxyn anq idrscs jpgujd

Openstax human biology. Mechanisms of Evolution.